Coping espiritual/religioso e função cognitiva de pessoas idosas de comunidades urbano-rurais brasileiras

Luciano Magalhães Vitorino; Gail Low; Mariella Albino Campos; Victória Pina Costa; Gerson de Souza Santos; Alex Bacadini França; Lucila Amaral Carneiro Vianna; Alana Azevedo Lemes; Felipe Alckmin-Carvalho; Zaqueline Fernandes Guerra

doi:10.31211/rpics.2025.11.2.352

Autores

Luciano Magalhães Vitorino Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá
Gail Low MacEwan University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-3549
Mariella Albino Campos Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2043-5170
Victória Pina Costa Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2134-4729
Gerson de Souza Santos Centro Universitário Ages, Faculty of Medicine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-7313
Alex Bacadini França Federal University of São Carlos, Psychology Departament https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-9294
Lucila Amaral Carneiro Vianna Federal University of São Paulo
Alana Azevedo Lemes Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4517-3721
Felipe Alckmin-Carvalho University of Beira Interior, Department of Psychology and Education https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0203-2650
Zaqueline Fernandes Guerra Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health of Juiz de Fora https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9044-8340

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31211/rpics.2025.11.2.352

Palavras-chave:

Função Cognitiva, Défice Cognitivo, Espiritualidade, Religiosidade, Envelhecimento, Pessoas idosas, Diferenças rural-urbano, Brasil

Resumo

Contexto e Objetivo: Comparamos a função cognitiva de pessoas idosas brasileiras residentes em áreas rurais versus urbanas e examinamos se o coping espiritual/religioso (CER), positivo e negativo, se associava a desfechos cognitivos. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal comparativo com duas amostras independentes: pessoas idosas residentes em áreas rurais de dois municípios de pequena dimensão em Minas Gerais, Brasil (N = 326) e pessoas idosas da cidade de São Paulo (N = 400). As medidas incluíram o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), a Escala Breve de Coping Espiritual/Religioso e um questionário sociodemográfico e de saúde. Resultados: Após ajustamento por covariáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde, os residentes rurais apresentaram pontuações significativamente mais altas no MEEM, superiores às dos residentes urbanos (diferença média = 7,43, p < 0,001). Entre participantes rurais, maior CER positivo associou-se a melhor função cognitiva (β = 1,6; p < 0,001). Entre participantes urbanos, maior CER negativo associou-se a piores desfechos cognitivos (β = −0,39; p < 0,05). Conclusões: No Brasil, residir em meio rural pode associar-se a melhor função cognitiva na idade avançada. O CER positivo pode conferir benefícios cognitivos, ao passo que o CER negativo pode relacionar-se a pior cognição—particularmente em contextos urbanos. Esses resultados podem orientar a atuação de profissionais de saúde na abordagem do CER entre pessoas idosas, sobretudo em grandes centros urbanos.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Bertolucci, P. H. F., Brucki, S. M. D., Campacci, S. R., & Juliano, Y. (1994). O Mini-Exame do Estado Mental em uma população geral: Impacto da escolaridade. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 52(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1994000100001

Besser, L. M., McDonald, N. C., Song, Y., Kukull, W. A., & Rodriguez, D. A. (2017). Neighborhood environment and cognition in older adults: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.02.013

Brucki, S. M. D., Nitrini, R., Caramelli, P., Bertolucci, P. H. F., & Okamoto, I. H. (2003). Sugestões para o uso do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental no Brasil. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 61(3B), 777–781. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2003000500014

Campos, C. G., Diniz, B. S., Firmo, J. O., Lima-Costa, M. F., Blay, S. L., & Castro-Costa, E. (2020). Mild and moderate cognitive impairment and mortality among Brazilian older adults in long-term follow-up: The Bambui health aging study. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(6), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0654

Casemiro, N. V., & Ferreira, H. G. (2020). Indicadores de saúde mental em idosos frequentadores de grupos de convivência. Revista da SPAGESP, 21(2), 83–96. https://bit.ly/4d8d6UP

Cassarino, M., & Setti, A. (2015). Environment as “Brain Training”: A review of geographical and physical environmental influences on cognitive ageing. Ageing Research Reviews, 23, 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.06.003

Chang, A. Y., Skirbekk, V. F., Tyrovolas, S., Kassebaum, N. J., & Dieleman, J. L. (2019). Measuring population ageing: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Public Health, 4(3), e159–e167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30019-2

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., & Barbagallo, M. (2024). The link between spirituality and longevity. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(1), Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02684-5

Esperandio, M. R. G., Escudero, F. T., Fernandes, M. L., & Pargament, K. I. (2018). Brazilian validation of the Brief Scale for Spiritual/Religious Coping—SRCOPE-14. Religions, 9(1), Article 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9010031

Haney, A. M., & Lane, S. P. (2024). Religious coping is differentially associated with physiological and subjective distress indicators: Comparing cortisol and self-report patterns. Behavioral Medicine, 50(4), 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2023.2277926

Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., Jr., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(1), 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00119

Hosseini, S., Chaurasia, A., & Oremus, M. (2017). The effect of religion and spirituality on cognitive function: A systematic review. The Gerontologist, 59(2), e76–e85. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx024

Hyun, J., Hall, C. B., Katz, M. J., Derby, C. A., Lipnicki, D. M., Crawford, J. D., Guaita, A., Vaccaro, R., Davin, A., Kim, K. W., Han, J. W., Bae, J. B., Röhr, S., Riedel-Heller, S., Ganguli, M., Jacobsen, E., Hughes, T. F., Brodaty, H., Kochan, N. A., & Trollor, J. (2022). Education, occupational complexity, and incident dementia: A COSMIC collaborative cohort study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 85(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210627

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2017). Classificação e caracterização dos espaços rurais e urbanos do Brasil: Uma primeira aproximação. IBGE. https://bit.ly/3LACslZ

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2020). Regiões de influência das cidades: REGIC 2018. IBGE. https://bit.ly/44fxBge

Jang, H., Hill, N. L., Turner, J. R., Bratlee-Whitaker, E., Jeong, M., & Mogle, J. (2024). Poor-quality daily social encounters, daily stress, and subjective cognitive decline among older adults. Innovation in Aging, 8(6), Article igae038. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae038

Jung, J., Lee, C. H., Shin, K., Roh, D., Lee, S.-K., Moon, Y. S., Jon, D.-I., & Kim, D. H. (2019). Specific association between religiosity and cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s Disease. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 34(4), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317519827416

Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford University Press.

Koenig, H. G. (2022). Religion, spirituality, and health: A review and update. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 36(1), 4–12.

Krause, N. (2006). Religious involvement, gratitude, and change in depressive symptoms over time. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 16(1), 55–72.

Li, S., Stampfer, M. J., Williams, D. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2016). Association of religious service attendance with mortality among women. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(6), 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1615

Li, B., Guo, Y., Deng, Y., Zhao, S., Li, C., Yang, J., Li, Q., Yan, Y., Li, F., Li, X., & Rong, S. (2022). Association of social support with cognition among older adults in China: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.947225

Lucchetti, G., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Koenig, H. G. (2011). Impact of spirituality/religiosity on mortality: Comparison with other health interventions. Explore, 7(4), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.04.005

Nelson, I., Kezios, K., Elbejjani, M., Lu, P., Yaffe, K., & Zeki Al Hazzouri, A. (2022). Associations of religious service attendance with cognitive function in midlife: Findings from The CARDIA Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 78(4), 684–694. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac165

Nunes, B., Silva, R. D., Cruz, V. T., Roriz, J. M., Pais, J., & Silva, M. C. (2010). Prevalence and pattern of cognitive impairment in rural and urban populations from Northern Portugal. BMC Neurology, 10(1), Article 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-10-42

Passarelli-Araujo, H. (2025). Loneliness in Brazil: A silent threat to public health. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 41(7). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN229524

Paanalahti, M., Alt Murphy, M., Holmström Rising, M., & Viitasara, E. (2022). Functioning and disability in community-living people with perceived cognitive impairment or dementia: A mixed methods study using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 55, Article jrm00352. https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v54.2216

Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Press.

Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(15), 1881–1885. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.15.1881

Pargament, K., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051

Puchalski, C. M., Vitillo, R., Hull, S. K., & Reller, N. (2009). Improving the spiritual dimension of whole person care: Reaching national and international consensus. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(10), 885–904. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2009.0142

Quinn, B., & Connolly, M. (2023). Spirituality in palliative care. BMC Palliative Care, 22(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-022-01116-x

Rhee, T. G., Shim, S. R., Manning, K. J., Tennen, H. A., Kaster, T. S., d’Andrea, G., Forester, B. P., Nierenberg, A. A., McIntyre, R. S., & Steffens, D. C. (2024). Neuropsychological assessments of cognitive impairment in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 93(1), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000535665

Rivoli, F. M. S., Galhardo, A. P. G. M., Lucchetti, G., Esper, L. A., Ribeiro, Y. L., Santos, G. d. S., José, H., Sousa, L., Low, G., & Vitorino, L. M. (2025). One-year changes in depressive symptoms and cognitive function among Brazilian older adults attending primary care. Healthcare (Basel), 13(7), Article 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070807

Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., & Koenig, H. G. (2020). Spirituality and mental health: Challenges and opportunities. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 92–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30048-1

Russ, T. C., Batty, G. D., Hearnshaw, G. F., Fenton, C., & Starr, J. M. (2012). Geographical variation in dementia: Systematic review with meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(4), 1012–1032. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys103

Salardini, A., Himali, J. J., Abdullah, M. S., Chaudhari, R., Young, V., Zilli, E. M., McGrath, E. R., Gonzales, M. M., Thibault, E. G., Salinas, J., Aparicio, H. J., Himali, D., Ghosh, S., Buckley, R. F., Satizabal, C. L., Johnson, K. A., DeCarli, C., Fakhri, G. E., Vasan, R. S., Beiser, A. S., & Seshadri, S. (2025). Elevated serum cortisol associated with early-detected increase of brain amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease imaging biomarkers among menopausal women: The Framingham Heart Study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 21(4), Article e70179. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.70179

Saldiva, P. (2018). Vida urbana e saúde: Os desafios dos habitantes das metrópoles. Editora Contexto.

Silva, M., & Vitorino, L. M. (2020). Religiosidade e espiritualidade na prática clínica da enfermagem: Revisão da literatura e desenvolvimento de protocolo. HU Revista, 44(4), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.28148

Vitorino, L. M., Lucchetti, G., Leão, F. C., Vallada, H., & Peres, M. F. P. (2018). The association between spirituality and religiousness and mental health. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article 17233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35380-w

Vitorino, L. M., Low, G., & Lucchetti, G. (2019). Is the physical environment associated with spiritual and religious coping in older age? Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(5), 1648–1660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00796-9

Vitorino, L. M., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2022). The role of spirituality and religiosity on the cognitive decline of community-dwelling older adults: A 4-year longitudinal study. Aging & Mental Health, 27(8), 1526–1533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2141195

Wilker, E. H., Osman, M., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2023). Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 381, Article e071620. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-071620