Bullying, attachment and parental rearing styles in adolescents from the 3rd cycle of basic school
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7342/ismt.rpics.2015.1.1.8Keywords:
Attachment, Parental rearing styles, Bullying, AdolescentsAbstract
Aims: Since current literature highlights the impact of attachment and parental conduct in bullying behaviors in the school environment, a phenomenon with increasing visibility, we have assessed its relationship to the quality of attachment and parental rearing styles, in adolescents. Method: The sample involved 50 adolescents, 26 girls, and 24 boys, from the 7th to 9th grades, aged between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14,24). The protocol comprised the: Social Exclusion and School Violence Questionnaire (QEVE), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), and A Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for use with Adolescents (EMBU-A). Results: Adolescents in our sample tend to assume the “observer” role in bullying situations, and the more prevalent type of violence is social exclusion and verbal abuse. The most frequent victims of bullying are adolescents of lower socioeconomic status, and girls are more observers of social exclusion and verbal aggression than boys. In what concerns attachment, adolescents exhibiting more aggressive behaviors perceive lower communication and trust to the father and friends, and when they feel alienated from their peers, adolescents tend to be more exposed to bullying victimization. Finally, data on parental rearing styles suggest that the most aggressive teenagers are those who feel more rejection and less maternal emotional support. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of bullying behaviors of parental rearing styles and the quality of attachment towards significant others. These conclusions have implications at the prevention level, where it is important, not only to consider individual variables, but also to understand how the subject interacts in all the social systems he belongs to, and on the construction of affective relationships.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2004). Bullying and victimization: cause for concern for both families and schools. Social Psychology of Education, 7(1), 35-54. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:spoe.0000010668.43236.60
Ainsworth, M. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.709
Almeida, A., Pereira, B., & Valente, L. (1995) A violência infantil nos espaços escolares: Dados preliminares de um estudo no 1º e 2º ciclo do ensino básico [The violence agaist children in school spaces: Preliminary data from a study in the 1st and 2nd cycle of Basic education]. In L. Almeida & I. Ribeiro (Eds.), Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e Contextos (pp. 225-262).
Amado, J. S., & Freire, I. P. (2002). Indisciplina e violência na escola - compreender para prevenir [Indiscipline and violence in schools - understanding to prevent]. Edições Asa.
Antunes, D. C., & Zuin, A. A. S. (2008). Do bullying ao preconceito: os desafios da bárbarie à educação [From bullying to prejudgement: The challenges of barbarism to education]. Revista Psicologia e Sociedade, 20(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-71822008000100004
Bandeira, C. M., & Hutz, C. S. (2012). Bullying: prevalência, implicações e diferenças entre os gêneros [Bullying: prevalence, implications and differences between genders]. Revista Semestral da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 16(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-85572012000100004
Barros, P. C., Carvalho, J. E., & Pereira, M. B. (2009). Um estudo sobre bullying no contexto escolar [A study about bullying in the school context]. Paper presented at the IX Congresso Nacional de Educação EDUCERE III Encontro Sul Brasileiro de Psicopedagogia – PUCPR, Curitiba, Brasil. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/10169
Bowlby, J. (2001). Formação e rompimento dos laços afetivos [The making and breaking of affectional bonds] (3rd ed.). Martins Fontes.
Canavarro, M. (1999). Relações afetivas e saúde mental [Affective relations and mental health]. Quarteto Editora.
Carrilho, L., & Bacelar, T. (2010). Bullying - Agressividade em contexto escolar [Aggressiveness in school context]. Ousar Integrar. Revista de Reinserção Social e Prova, 6, 43-59.
Carvalhosa, S., Lima, L., & Matos, M. (2001). Bullying – A provocação/ vitimação entre pares no contexto escolar Português [Bullying – Provocation / victimization among peers in the Portuguese school context]. Análise Psicológica, 19(4), 523-537. http://www.scielo.mec.pt/pdf/aps/v19n4/v19n4a04.pdf
Carvalhosa, S., Moleiro, C., & Sales, C. (2009). A situação do bullying nas escolas portuguesas [The bullying situation in Portuguese schools]. Interacções, 5(13), 125-146. http://revistas.rcaap.pt/interaccoes/article/view/400/354
Cruz, O. (2005). Parentalidade [Parenting]. Quarteto.
Cummings, M. E., Davies, P. T., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research and clinical implications. Guilford Press.
Due, P., Merlo, J., Harel-Fisch, Y., Damsgaard, M. T., Holstein, B. E., Hetland, J., . . . Lynch, J. (2009). Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying during adolescence: A comparative, cross-sectional, multilevel study in 35 countries. American Journal of Public Health, 99(5), 907-914. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.139303
Freire, I., Simão, A., & Ferreira, A. (2006). O estudo da violência entre pares no 3º ciclo do ensino básico – Um questionário aferido para a população escolar portuguesa [The study of peer violence in the 3rd cycle of basic education - A questionnaire standardized for the Portuguese school population]. Revista Portuguesa de Educação, 19(2), 157-183. http://www.scielo.mec.pt/pdf/rpe/v19n2/v19n2a08.pdf
Gomes, R., & Gomes, R. (2000). Perceived maternal control and support as predictors of hostile-biased attribution of intent and response selection in aggressive boys. Aggressive Behavior, 26(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(2000)26:2<155::aid-ab2>3.0.co;2-k
Ireland, J. L., & Power, C. L. (2004). Attachment, emotional loneliness, and bullying behavior: A study of adult and young offenders. Aggressive Behavior, 30(4), 298-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20035
Kokkinos, C. M. (2013). Bullying and victimization in early adolescence: Associations with attachment style and perceived parenting. Journal of School Violence, 12(2), 174-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2013.766134
Lacerda, M. (2005). A perceção das práticas parentais pelos adolescentes: Implicações na perceção de controlo e nas estratégias de coping [The perception of parental rearing practices by adolescents: implications for control perception and coping strategies] (Unpublished master's thesis). Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
Magklara, K., Skapinakis, P., Gkatsa, T., Bellos, S., Araya, R., Stylianidis, S., & Mavreas, V. (2012). Bullying behaviour in schools, socioeconomic position and psychiatric morbidity: A cross-sectional study in late adolescents in Greece. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(8), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-8
Marini, Z. A., Dane, A. V., Bosacki, S. L., & Ylc-cura. (2006). Direct and indirect bully-victims: Differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 551-569. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20155
Martins, M. J. D. (2005). Agressão e vitimação entre adolescentes, em contexto escolar: Um estudo empírico [Aggression and victimization among adolescents in school context: An empirical study. Análise psicológica, 23(4), 401-425. http://www.scielo.mec.pt/pdf/aps/v23n4/v23n4a05.pdf
Martins, M. J. (2007). Violência interpessoal e maus-tratos entre pares, em contexto escolar [Interpersonal violence and abuse among peers in school context. Revista da Educação, 2, 51-78. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/4343
Martins, M. J. (2009). Maus-tratos entre adolescentes na escola [Abuse among adolescents in school]. Editorial Novembro.
Martins, M. J. (2011). Prevenção da indisciplina, da violência e do bullying nas escolas [Prevention of indiscipline, violence and bullying in schools]. Proforma, 3, 1-6. http://www.cefopna.edu.pt/revista/revista_03/es_01a_03_MJDM.htm
Matos, M., Simões, C., & Gaspar, T. (2009). Violência entre pares no contexto escolar em Portugal, nos últimos 10 anos [Peer violence in the school context in Portugal, the last 10 years]. Interações, 5(13), 98-124. http://revistas.rcaap.pt/interaccoes/article/view/399/353
Moz, M. J., & Zawadski, M. L. (2007). Bullying: Estratégias de sobrevivência para crianças e adultos [Bullying: Survival strategies for children and adults]. Artmed.
Musitu, G., Estévez, E., Jiménez, T., & Veiga, F. (2011) Agentes de socialização da violência e vitimização escolar [Socialization agents of violence and school victimization]. In S. Caldeira & F. Veiga (Eds.), Intervir em situações de indisciplina, violência e conflito (pp. 43-73). Lisboa.
Neves, L., Soares, I., & Silva, M. (1999) Inventário da Vinculação na Adolescência – IPPA [Inventory Attachment in Adolescence - IPPA]. In M. R. Simões, M. M. Gonçalves, & L. S. Almeida (Eds.), Testes e provas psicológicas em Portugal (pp. 37-48). APPORT/SHO.
Olweus, D. (1993). Acoso escolar, “Bullying”, en las escuelas: Hechos e intervenciones [School abuse, "bullying" in schools: Facts and interventions]. Centro de Investigación para la promoción de la salude. Universidade de Bergen, Noruega.
Olweus, D. (1994). Annotation: Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(7), 1171-1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x
Morata, O. D., & S L, (1998). Conductas de acoso y amenaza entre escolares [Behaviors of abuse and threat between schoolars]. Madrid: Ediciones.
Pereira, B., Mendonça, D., Neto, C., Valente, L., & Smith, P. K. (2004). Bullying in Portuguese schools. School Psychology International, 25(2), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034304043690
Pereira, B. O. (2008). Para uma escola sem violência: Estudo e prevenção das práticas agressivas entre crianças [For a school without violence: study and prevention of aggressive practices among children] (2nd ed.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
Pestana, M. H., & Gageiro, J. N. (2008). Análise de dados para ciências sociais: A complementaridade do SPSS [Data analysis for the Social Sciences: The complementarity of the SPSS]. Lisboa: Edições Sílabo.
Raimundo, R., & Seixas, S. (2009). Comportamentos de bullying no 1º ciclo: Estudo de caso numa escola de Lisboa [Bullying behaviors in the 1st cycle: a case study in a school in Lisbon]. Interações, 5(13), 164-186. http://revistas.rcaap.pt/interaccoes/article/view/402/356
Rech, R. R., Halpern, R., Tedesco, A., & Santos, D. F. (2013). Prevalence and characteristics of victims and perpetrators of bullying. Jornal de Pediatria, 89(2), 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2013.03.006
Seixas, S. R. (2005). Violência escolar: Metodologias de identificação dos alunos agressores e/ou vítimas [School Violence: Methodologies of Identification of the aggressors and / or victims students. Análise Psicológica, 23(2), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.75
Soares, I. (2007). Relações de vinculação ao longo do desenvolvimento: Teorias e avaliação [Attachment relations over development]. Braga: Psiquilibrios.
Williams, K., & Kennedy, J. H. (2012). Bullying behaviors and attachment styles. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 321-338. http://najp.us/north-american-journal-of-psychology-index
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Sónia Catarina Carvalho Simões, Joaquim Jorge Ferreira, Sandra Braga, & Henrique Testa Vicente
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows the sharing of work and recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
